Urban mining has become a critical strategy as the world confronts growing scarcity of rare earth elements (REE) and other essential resources such as copper, lithium, cobalt, and precious metals. These shortages threaten clean energy transitions, digital infrastructure, and advanced manufacturing. Recovering valuable materials from e‑waste and discarded infrastructure is not simply a circular economy ideal; it is a practical response to one of today’s most pressing supply chain risks and a pathway to resilience across multiple industries.

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